Parallel to the “birth” of the environmental movement (as the art community began using outdoor locations and natural materials for powerful installations in the later 1960s), pioneering figures such as Nancy Holt, Robert Smithson, Walter De Maria, Michael Heitzer, Maya Lin, Andy Goldsworthy, and Agnes Denes created destination pieces that were seen primarily through photo and video documentation on gallery and museum walls. These works utilized natural features and site-specific materials or conditions, building on the wonderful Arte Povera spirit and in defiance of the materialism of a capitalist western culture.